Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 403-417 , October 2006

Bariatric Surgery for Morbid Obesity: Risks and Benefits in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

  • Kerstyn C. Zalesin

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Kerstyn C. Zalesin, MD, Division of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, 4949 Coolidge Highway, Royal Oak, MI 48073.
  • ,
  • Peter A. McCullough

References 

  1. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et al. The continuing epidemic of obesity and diabetes in the United states. JAMA. 2001;286:1195–1200
  2. Sjostrom LV. Mortality of severely obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:516S–S523
  3. Koplan JP, Dietz WH. Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA. 1999;282:1579–1581
  4. Coresh J, Longenecker JC, Miller ER, et al. Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:S24–S30
  5. US Renal Data System. Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2002;
  6. Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community based population. JAMA. 2004;291:844–850
  7. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K, et al. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1870–1876
  8. Adelman RD. Obesity and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002;11:331–335
  9. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1–12
  10. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Eng J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305
  11. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2004 Annual Data report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:8–280
  12. Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Herman M. The effects of weight loss on renal function in patients with severe obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1480–1486
  13. Weisinger JR, Keempson RL, Eldridge FL, et al. The nephrotic syndrome: A complication of massive obesity. Ann intern Med. 1974;81:440–447
  14. O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Cleary MP, et al. Effects of genetic obesity on renal structure and function in the zucker rat II Micropuncture studies. J Lab Clin Med. 1985;106:605–610
  15. Kambham N, Markowitz GS, Vealeeri AM. Obesity related glomerulopathy: An emerging epidemic. Kidney Int. 2001;59:1498–1809
  16. Praga M, Hernandez E, Morales E, et al. Clinical features and long term outcome of obesity associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:1790–1798
  17. Hall JE. Mechanisms of abnormal renal sodium handling in obesity hypertension. Am J Hypertension. 1997;10:S49–S55
  18. Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Korzets A, et al. Glomerular hemodynamics in severe obesity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;278:F817–F822
  19. Adelman RD, Restaino IG, Alon US, et al. Proteinuria and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in severely obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 2001;138:481–485
  20. Hall JE, Kuo JJ, Silva A, et al. Obesity, hypertension and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2003;12:195–200
  21. Hall JE, Hildebrandt DA, Kou J. Obesity hypertension: Role of leptin and sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:103S–115S
  22. Wolf G, Hamann A, Han DC, et al. Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-β expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: Potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int. 1999;56:860–872
  23. Tuck ML. Obesity, the sympathetic nervous system, and essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(suppl):I-67–I-77
  24. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, et al. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction (Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance). Clin Invest. 1996;97:2601–2610
  25. Alpert MA, Hashimi MW. Obesity and the heart. Am J Med Sci. 1993;306:117–123
  26. Hall JE, Brands MW, Henegar JR, et al. Abnormal kidney function as a cause and consequences of obesity hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998;25:58–64
  27. Vupputuri S, Sandler DP. Lifestyle risk factors and chronic kidney disease. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13:712–720
  28. Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community based population. JAMA. 2004;291:844–850
  29. Stengel B, Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, et al. Lifestyle factors, obesity and the risk of chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology. 2003;14:479–487
  30. Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community based population. JAMA. 2004;291:844–850
  31. Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, et al. Influence of smoking and obesity on the development of proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2002;62:956–962
  32. Bonet E, Deprele C, Sassolas A, et al. Excessive body weight as a new independent risk factor for clinical and pathological progression in primary IgA nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:720–727
  33. Praga M, Hernández E, Herrero JC, et al. Influence of obesity on the appearance of proteinuria and renal insufficiency after unilateral nephrectomy. Kidney Int. 2000;58:2111–2118
  34. Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Petit DJ, et al. In: Kidney disease in diabetes, in Diabetes America, National Institutes of Health Publication No. 95-1468. (ed 2).. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1995;p. 349–400
  35. Hsu C, Bates DW, Kuperman GJ. Diabetes, hemoglobinA1c, cholesterol and risk of moderate chronic renal insufficiency in ambulatory population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:272–281
  36. Jones DW, Kim JS, Andrew ME, et al. Body mass index and blood pressure in Korean men and women: The Korean national blood pressure survey. J Hypertens. 1994;12:1433–1437
  37. Cooper RS, Potimi CN, Ward R. The puzzle of hypertension in African Americans. Sci Am. 1999;280:56–63
  38. Najjar M, Rowland M National Center for Health Statistic. Anthropometric reference data and prevalence of overweight: United States, 1976/80. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1987;Department of Health and Human Services publication No. (PHS) 87-1688
  39. Hall JE, Brands MW, Henegar JR. Mechanisms of hypertension and kidney disease in obesity. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;892:91–107
  40. Kramer H, Luke A, Bidania A, et al. Obesity and prevalent and incident CKD: The hypertension detection and follow-up program. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:587–594
  41. Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Stokes ME, et al. Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: The Framingham offspring study. Prev Med. 1987;16:235–251
  42. El-Atat F, Aneja A, Mcfarlane S, et al. Obesity and hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:832–854
  43. Toto RD. Treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2005;25:435–439
  44. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The national high blood pressure education program coordinating committee Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252
  45. Wright JT, Bakris G, Greene T. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease (Results from the AASK trial). JAMA. 2002;288:2421–2431
  46. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complicatons of type 2 diabetes ((UKPDS 36): Prospective observational study). BMJ. 2000;321:412–419
  47. Miller WM, Nori Janosz KE, Yanez J, et al. Effects of weight loss and pharmacotherapy on inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2005;3:743–759
  48. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414–1431
  49. Brancati FL, Whelton PK, Randall BL, et al. Risk of End-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study of men screened for MRFIT. JAMA. 1997;278:2069–2074
  50. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, et al. DECODE Study Group Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1066–1076
  51. Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): A position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:1004–1010
  52. American Diabetes Association. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(suppl 1):585–589
  53. Hovind P, Rosing P, Tarnow L, et al. Remission and regression in the nephropathy of type 1 diabetes when blood pressure is controlled aggressively. Kidney Int. 2001;60:277–283
  54. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383–393
  55. Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–986
  56. Steffes MW, Chavers BM, Molitch ME, et al. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephrolpathy: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA. 2003;290:2159–2167
  57. Nori Janosz KE, Miller WM, Odom J, et al. Optimal diabetes management during medical weight loss for cardiovascular risk reduction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2005;3:761–775
  58. Keane WF. Lipids and the kidney. Kidney Int. 1994;46:910–920
  59. Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC, et al. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney Int. 2000;58:293–301
  60. Klaht S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:877–884
  61. Diamond JR. Analogous pathobiologic mechanisms is glomerulosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Kidney Int. 1991;39:S29–S34
  62. Stepniakkowski KT, Goodfriend TL, Egan BM. Fatty acids enhance vascular α-adrenergic sensitivity. Hypertension. 1995;25:774–778
  63. Kasiske BL, O’Donnell MP, Keane WF. The Zucker rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and renal injury. Hypertension. 1992;19:SI110–SI115
  64. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: A meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001;59:260–269
  65. Lee TM, Lin MS, Tsai CH, et al. Add on and withdrawal effect of pravastatin on proteinuria in hypertensive patients treated with AT receptor blockers. Kidney Int. 2005;68:779–789
  66. Tonelli M, Sacks F, Pfeffer M, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;68:237–245
  67. Herzog CA. How to manage the renal patient with coronary heart disease: The agony and the ecstasy of opinion-based medicine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2556–2572
  68. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–2716
  69. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann intern Med. 2004;140:167–174
  70. Kurella M, Lo JC, Chertow GM. Metabolic syndrome and the risk for chronic kidney disease among non diabetic adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2134–2140
  71. Palaniappan L, Carnethon M, Fortmann SP. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NHANES III. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:952–958
  72. Beddhu S, Kimmel PL, Ramkumar N, et al. Associations of metabolic syndrome with inflammation in CKD: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:577–586
  73. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic US adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:469–477
  74. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann intern Med. 2004;140:167–174
  75. Rajala MW, Scherer PE. Minireview: The adipocyte-At the crossroads of energy homostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology. 2003;144:3765–3773
  76. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Nyyssonen K, et al. C-reactive protein and the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetologia. 2004;47:1403–1410
  77. Sorrentino MJ, Pham L, Ngeyen T. Inflammation and vascular disease: The role for C-reactive peptide. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2004;1:17–20
  78. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–121
  79. de Jong PE, Verhave JC, Pint-Sietsma SJ. Obesity and target organ damage: The kidney. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:S21–S24
  80. Festa A, D’Agoostino R, Howard G, et al. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation. 2000;102:42–47
  81. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsasos C, Chrysohoou C, et al. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J. 2004;147:106–112
  82. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1440–1446
  83. Sorrentino MJ. Implications of the metabolic syndrome: The new epidemic. Am J Card. 2005;96(suppl):3E–7E
  84. Miller W, Franklin B, deJong A, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein in the morbidly obese: Risk predictor or reflection of adeposity and reconditioning?. 2005 ACSM Annual Meeting, Nashville, Tenn. Med Sci Sports. 2005;37(suppl):5
  85. Yudkin JS. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria and the risk of coronary heart disease. Ann Med. 1996;28:433–438
  86. Wesson DE, Kurtzman NA, Prommer JP. Massive obesity and nephrotic proteinuria with normal renal biopsy. Nephron. 1985;40:235–237
  87. Brenner BM. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1983;23:647–655
  88. Verhaver JC, Hillage HL, Burgerhof JGM, et al. Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J Intern Med. 2004;256:324–330
  89. Mykkanen L, Zaccaro DJ, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes. 1998;47:793–800
  90. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation. 2004;110:921–927
  91. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Dell’Oro R, et al. Comparative effects of candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and sympathetic drive in obese hypertensive individuals: Results of the CROSS study. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1761–1769
  92. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvasular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355:253–259
  93. Viberti G, Wheeldon NM Microalbumuria reduction with Valsartan (MARVAL) study investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation. 2002;106:672–678
  94. Chiang BN, Perlamn LV, Epstein FH. Overweight and hypertension: A review. Circulation. 1969;39:403–421
  95. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New Eng J Med. 2003;348:383–393
  96. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001;59:260–269
  97. Morales E, Angeles V, León M, et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss in overweight patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:319–327
  98. Gumbs AA, Irvin IM, Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulin resistance following bariatric surgery: Role of caloric restriction and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2005;15:462–473
  99. Li Z, Hong K, Saltsman P, et al. Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs. and individual diet plan in obese type II DM patients: Relative effects of weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:411–418
  100. Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Schifino N, et al. Effects of diet-therapy on urinary protein excretion albuminuria and real haemodynamic function in obese diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. Int J Obes. 1989;13:203–211
  101. Morales E, Angeles V, León M, et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss in overweight patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:319–327
  102. Sorrentino MJ. Implications of the metabolic syndrome: The new epidemic. Am J Card. 2005;96(suppl):3E–7E
  103. Morales E, Valero MA, Leon M, et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss in overweight patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:319–327
  104. Praga M, Hernández E, Andres A, et al. Effects of body-weight loss and captopril treatment on proteinuria associated with obesity. Nephron. 1995;70:35–41
  105. Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Schifino N, et al. Effects of diet-therapy on urinary protein excretion albuminuria and renal haemodynamic function in obese diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. Int J Obes. 1989;13:203–211
  106. Saiki A, Nagayam D, Ohhira M, et al. Effect of weight loss using formula diet on renal function in obese patients with diabetic nephropathy. Int J Obes. 2005;29:1115–1120
  107. Boyle NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 2001;286:1218–1227
  108. Wing RR, Lair EH, Bononi P, et al. Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:30–36
  109. Knowler WC, Barnett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403
  110. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1173–1179
  111. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3–10
  112. Reaven G, Segal K, Hauptman J, et al. Effects of Orlistat-assisted weight loss in decreasing coronary heart disease risk in patients with syndrome X. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:827–831
  113. Pi-Sunyer FX, Arbonne LJ, Heshmati HM, et al. Effect of Rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients. JAMA. 2006;295:761–775
  114. Dansiger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, et al. Comparison of the Atkins Ornish, Weight Watchers and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293:43–52
  115. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. NIH Consens Dev Conf Consensus Statement 9, March 25-27, Bethesda, Md, 1991
  116. Leavey SF, Strawderman RL, Jones CA, et al. Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:997–1006
  117. Leavey SF, McMullough K, Hecking E, et al. Body Mass index and mortality in healthier as compared with sicker haemodialysis patients: Results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2386–2394
  118. Kaizu Y, Tsunega T, Sakao T, et al. Overweight as another nutritional risk factor for the long-term survival of non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1998;50:44–50
  119. Meier-Kriesche HU, Arndorfer JA, Kaplan B. The impact of body mass index on renal transplant outcomes: A significant independent risk factor for graft failure and patient death. Transplantation. 2002;73:70–74
  120. Maarterre WF, Hariharan S, First MR, et al. Gastric bypass in morbidly obese kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 1996;10:414–419
  121. Newcombe V, Blanch A, Slater GH, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding prior to renal transplantation. Obes Surg. 2005;15:567–570
  122. Weiss H, Nehord H, Labeck B, et al. Organ transplantation and obesity: Evaluation, risks and benefits of therapeutic strategies. Obes Surg. 2000;10:465–469
  123. Alexander JW, Goodman HR, Gersin K, et al. Gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients with chronic renal failure and kidney transplant. Transplantation. 2004;78:469–474
  124. Alexander JW, Goodman HR, Gersin K, et al. Gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients with chronic renal failure and kidney transplant. Transplantation. 2004;78:469–474
  125. Newcombe V, Blanch A, Slater GH, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding prior to renal transplantation. Obes Surg. 2005;15:567–570
  126. McCullough PA, Sandberg KR, Miller WM, et al. Substantial weight gain during adulthood: The road to bariatric surgery. Prev Cardiol. 2005;8:155–159
  127. Jones KB. Experience with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and commentary on current trends. Obes Surg. 2000;10:183–185
  128. Maclean LD, Rhode BM, Sampalis J, et al. Results of the surgical treatment of obesity. Am J Surg. 1993;165:155–162
  129. Agnani S, Vachharajani VT, Rohit G, et al. Does treating obesity stabilize chronic kidney disease?. BMC Nephrol. 2005;6:7–10
  130. Flavia SC, Guillermo H-S, Copley JB, et al. Renal failure, glomerulonephritis and morbid obesity: Improvement after rapid weight loss following laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2005;15:137–140
  131. Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Herman M. The effects of weight loss on renal function in patients with severe obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1480–1486
  132. Knerr I, Horbach C, Pland R, et al. Laparoscopically performed gastric banding in a 13 year-old girl with morbid obesity and end stage renal insufficiency allows lifesaving weight loss and hemodialysis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16:1179–1182
  133. White S, Brooks E, Jurikova L, et al. Long term outcomes after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2005;15:155–163
  134. Dhabuwala A, Cannan RJ, Stubbs RS. Improvements in co-morbidities following weight loss from gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2000;10:428–435
  135. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724–1737
  136. Sugarman HJ, Wolfe LG, Sica DA, et al. Diabetes and hypertension in severe obesity and effects of gastric bypass-induced weight loss. Ann Surg. 2003;237:751–758
  137. Pontiroli AE, Folli F, Paganelli M, et al. Laparoscopic gastric banding prevents type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension and induces their remission in morbid obesity: A 4-year case-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2703–2709
  138. Richardson DW, Vinik AI. Metabolic implications of obesity: Before and after gastric bypass. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2004;34:9–24
  139. Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonene M, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2683–2693
  140. Nordenvall B, Backman L, Burman P, et al. Low-oxalate, low-fat diet in hyperoxaluria patients following jejunoileal bypass. Acta Chir Scand. 1983;149:89–91
  141. Nordenvall B, Bacman L, Larsson L, et al. Effects of calcium, aluminum, magnesium and cholestyramine on hyperoxaluria in patients with jejunoileal bypass. Acta Chir Scand. 1983;149:93–98
  142. Mole DR, Tomson CRV, Mortensen N, et al. Renal complications of jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity. Q J Med. 2001;94:69–77
  143. Lieske JC, Goldfarb DS, De Simone C, et al. Use of a probiotic to decrease enteric hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. 2005;68:1244–1249
  144. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery-executive summary (A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practical Guidelines (committee to update the 1996 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery)). Anesth Analg. 2002;94:1052–1064
  145. Pasulda PS, Bistrian BR, Benoti PN, et al. The risks of surgery in obese patients. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:540–546
  146. Chertow G, Lazarus JM, Christiansen CL, et al. Preoperative renal risk stratification. Circulation. 1997;95:878–884
  147. Pischon T, Sharma AM. Obesity is a risk factor in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:14–17
  148. Pedersen T, Eliasen K, Henriksen E. A prospective study of mortality associated with anesthesia and surgery: Risk indicators of mortality in hospital. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;34:176–182
  149. MacKenzie CR, Charlson ME. Assessment of perioperative risk in the patient with diabetes mellitus. Surg Gyncol Obstet. 1988;167:293–299
  150. Clement R, Rousou JA, Engelman RM, et al. Perioperative morbidity in diabetics requiring coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;46:321–323
  151. Turney JH, Marshall DH, Brownjohn AM, et al. The evolution of acute renal failure, 1956-1988. Q J Med. 1990;74:83–104
  152. McCullough PA, Gallagher MJ, Dejong AT, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term complications after bariatric surgery. Chest. 2006;130:517–525
  153. Soto FC, Guillermo HS, Copley JB, et al. Renal failure, glomerulonephritis, and morbid obesity: improvement after rapid weight loss following laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2005;15:137–140
  154. Rex IH, Hull D, Trowbridge PE. Gastroplasty for morbid obesity after cardiac and renal transplantation. Obes Surg. 1991;1:439–442

PII: S1548-5595(06)00112-1

doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2006.07.008

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 403-417 , October 2006