Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 501-510 , November 2009

Anabolic and Catabolic Mechanisms in End-Stage Renal Disease

  • Kirsten L. Johansen

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Kirsten L. Johansen, MD, Nephrology Section, Box 111J, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121.

References 

  1. Kouidi E, Albani M, Natsis K, et al. The effects of exercise training on muscle atrophy in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:685–699
  2. Sakkas GK, Ball D, Mercer TH, et al. Atrohpy of non-locomotor muscle in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:2074–2081
  3. Adams GR, Vaziri ND. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in renal failure: effects of exercise. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290:753–761
  4. Johansen KL, Shubert T, Doyle J, et al. Muscle atrophy in patients receiving hemodialysis: Effects on muscle strength, muscle quality, and physical function. Kidney Int. 2003;63:291–297
  5. Maggiore Q, Nigrelli S, Ciccarelli C, et al. Nutritional and prognostic correlates of bioimpedance indexes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1996;50:2103–2108
  6. Kakiya R, Shoji T, Tsujimoto Y, et al. Body fat mass and lean mass as predictors of survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;70:549–556
  7. Lynch GS, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG. Therapeutic approaches for muscle wasting disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113:461–487
  8. Glass DJ. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37:1974–1984
  9. Hara K, Yonezawa K, Kozlowski MT, et al. Regulation of eIF-4E BP1 phosphorylation by mTOR. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:26457–26563
  10. Burnett PE, Barrow RK, Cohen NA, et al. RAFT1 phosphorylation of the translational regulators p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95:1432–1437
  11. Lecker SH, Goldberg AL, Mitch WE. Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1807–1819
  12. Du J, Miereles C, Bailey JL, et al. Activation of caspase-3 is an initial step triggering accelerated muscle proteolysis in catabolic conditions. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:115–123
  13. Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1897–1905
  14. Du J, Hu Z, Mitch WE. Molecular mechanisms activating muscle protein degradation in chronic kidney disease conditions. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35:157–163
  15. Lee SW, Dai G, Hu Z, et al. Regulation of muscle protein degradation: Coordinated control of apoptotic and ubiquitin-proteasome systems by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1537–1545
  16. Cai D, Frantz JD, Tawa NE, et al. IKKbeta/NK-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice. Cell. 2004;119:285–298
  17. Li YP, Chen Y, John J, et al. TNF-alpha acts via p38 MAPK to stimulate expression of the ubiquitin ligase atrogin1/MAFbx in skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2005;19:362–370
  18. Bailey JL, Wang X, England BK, et al. The acidosis of chronic renal failure activates muscle proteolysis in rats by augmenting transpcription of genes encoding proteins of the ATP-dependent, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:1447–1453
  19. Workeneh B, Rondon-Berrios H, Zhang L, et al. Development of a diagnostic method for detecting increased muscle protein degradation in patients with catabolic conditions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3233–3239
  20. Bailey JL, Zheng B, Hu Z, et al. Chronic kidney disease causes defects in signaling through the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway: Implications for muscle atrophy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1388–1394
  21. Reaich D, Channon S, Scrimgeour CM, et al. Correction of acidosis in humans with chronic renal failure decreases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation. Am J Physiol. 1993;265:E230–E235
  22. Graham KA, Reaich D, Channon SM, et al. Correction of acidosis in CAPD decreases whole body protein degradation. Kidney Int. 1996;49:1396–1400
  23. Graham KA, Reaich D, Channon SM, et al. Correction of acidosis in hemodialysis decreases whole-body protein degradation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:632–637
  24. Garibotto G, Russo R, Sofia A, et al. Muscle protein turnover in chronic renal failure patients with metabolic acidosis or normal acid-base balance. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1996;22:58–61
  25. Deferrari G, Garibotto G, Robaudo C, et al. Leg metabolism of amino acids and ammonia in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci. 1985;69:143–151
  26. Alvestrand A, DeFronzo RA, Smith D, et al. Influence of hyperinsulinaemia on intracellular amino acid levels and amino acid exchange across splanchnic and leg tissues in uraemia. Clin Sci (Lond). 1988;74:155–163
  27. Lim VS, Ikizler TA, Raj DSC, et al. Does hemodialysis increase protein breakdown? Dissociation between whole-body amino acid turnover and regional muscle kinetics. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:862–868
  28. Ikizler TA, Pupim LB, Brouillette JR, et al. Hemodialysis stimulates muscle and whole body protein loss and alters substrate oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E107–E116
  29. Raj DSC, Dominic EA, Wolfe R, et al. Coordinated increase in albumin, fibrogen, and muscle protein synthesis during hemodialysis: Role of cytokines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E658–E664
  30. Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Brouillette JR, et al. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition improves protein and energy homeostasis in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:483–492
  31. Raj DSC, Sun Y, Tzamaloukas AH. Hypercatabolism in dialysis patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008;17:589–594
  32. Mitch WE, Bailey JL, Wang X, et al. Evaluation of signals activating ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis in a model of muscle wasting. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:C1132–C1138
  33. Waddell DS, Baehr LM, van den Brandt J, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E785–E797
  34. Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, et al. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:1014–1019
  35. Hara K, Yonezawa K, Weng QP, et al. Amino acid sufficiency and mTOR regulate p70 S6 kinase and eIF-4E BP1 through a common effector mechanism. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:14484–14494
  36. Eustace JA, Coresh J, Kutchey C, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of oral essential amino acids for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia. Kidney Int. 2000;57:2527–2538
  37. Caglar K, Fedje L, Dimmitt R, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1054–1059
  38. Cano NJ, Fouque D, Roth H, et al. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition does not improve survival in malnourished hemodialysis patients: A 2-year multicenter, prospective, randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2583–2591
  39. Pupim LB, Majchrzak KM, Flakoll PJ, et al. Intradialytic oral nutrition improves protein homeostasis in chronic hemodialysis patients with deranged nutritional status. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3149–3157
  40. Raj DS, Adeniyi O, Dominic EA, et al. Amino acid repletion does not decrease muscle protein catabolism during hemodialysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;292:E1534–E1542
  41. Kopple JD, Bernard D, Messana J, et al. Treatment of malnourished CAPD patients with an amino acid based dialysate. Kidney Int. 1995;47:1148–1157
  42. Delarue J, Maingourd C, Objois M, et al. Effects of an amino acid dialysate on leucine metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1934–1943
  43. Tjiong HL, van den Berg JW, Wattimena JL, et al. Dialysate as food: Combined amino acid and glucose dialysate improves protein anabolism in renal failure patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1486–1493
  44. Asola M, Virtanen K, Nagren K, et al. Amino-acid-based peritoneal dialysis solution improves amino-acid transport into skeletal muscle. Kidney Int. 2008;108:S131–S136
  45. Johannsson G, Bengtsson B, Ahlmen J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone treatment in elderly patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: Anabolic effect and functional improvement. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:709–717
  46. Hansen TB, Gram J, Jensen PB, et al. Influence of growth hormone on whole body and regional soft tissue composition in adult patients on hemodialysis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53:99–107
  47. Feldt-Rasmussen B, Lange M, Sulowicz W, et al. Growth hormone treatment during hemodialysis in a randomized trial improves nutrition, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2161–2171
  48. Garibotto G, Barreca A, Russo R, et al. Effecs of recombinant human growth hormone on muscle protein turnover in malnourished hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:97–105
  49. Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Yu C, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone improves muscle amino acid uptake and whole-body protein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1235–1243
  50. Garibotto G, Russo R, Sofia A, et al. Effects of uremia and inflammation on growth hormone resistance in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Int. 2008;74:937–945
  51. Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Parini P, et al. Low serum testosterone increases mortality risk among male dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:613–620
  52. Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S, et al. Testosterone deficiency in young men: Marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1886–1892
  53. Bhasin S, Taylor WE, Singh R, et al. The mechanisms of androgen effects on body composition: mesenchymal pluripotent cell as the target of androgen action. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58:M1103–M1110
  54. Xu T, Shen Y, Pink H, et al. Phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase is implicated in androgen-induced levator ani muscle anabolism in castrated rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;92:447–454
  55. Solomon AM, Bouloux PMG. Modifying muscle mass—The endocrine perspective. J Endocrinol. 2006;191:349–360
  56. Zhao J, Bauman WA, Huang R, et al. Oxandrolone blocks glucocorticoid signaling in an androgen receptor-dependent manner. Steroids. 2004;69:357–366
  57. Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, et al. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:E820–E826
  58. Reynolds TH, Bodine SC, Lawrence JC. Control of ser2448 phosphorylation in the mammalian target of rapamycin by insulin and skeletal muscle load. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:17657–17662
  59. Hornberger TA, Hunter RB, Kandarian SC, et al. Regulation of translation factors during hindlimb unloading and denervation of skeletal muscle in rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001;281:C179–C187
  60. Kandarian SC, Jackman RW. Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33:155–165
  61. Stevenson EJ, Giresi PG, Koncarevic A, et al. Global analysis of gene expression patterns during disuse atrophy in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond). 2003;551:33–48
  62. Bodine SC. mTOR signaling and the molecular adaptation to resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1950–1957
  63. Baar K, Esser K. Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:C120–C127
  64. Matheny W, Merritt E, Zannikos SV, et al. Serum IGF-1-deficiency does not prevent compensatory skeletal muscle hypertrophy in resistance exercise. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009;234:164–170
  65. Hameed M, Orrell RW, Cobbold M, et al. Expression of IGF-1 splice variants in young and old human skeletal muscle after high resistance exercise. J Physiol. 2003;547:247–254
  66. Kopple JD, Wang H, Casaburi R, et al. Exercise in maintenance hemodialysis patients induces transcriptional changes in genes favoring anabolic muscle. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2975–2986
  67. Schulman G, Wingard RL, Hutchison RL, et al. The effects of recombinant human growth hormone and intradialytic parenteral nutrition in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;21:527–534
  68. Majchrzak KM, Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, et al. Resistance exercise augments the acute anabolic effects of intradialytic oral nutritional supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1362–1369

PII: S1548-5595(09)00130-X

doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2009.07.007

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 501-510 , November 2009