Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 17, Issue 4 , Pages 308-319 , July 2010

Electrolytes in the Aging

References 

  1. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Spencer G: Projections of the population of the United States by age, sex and race: 1988 to 2080. Current Population Reports. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1989, 1-17. Series P-25, No. 1018
  2. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–2047
  3. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1–12
  4. Melk A. Senescence of renal cells: Molecular basis and clinical implications. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:2474–2478
  5. Hemmelgarn BR, Zhang J, Manns BJ, et al. Progression of kidney dysfunction in the community-dwelling elderly. Kidney Int. 2006;69:2155–2161
  6. Anderson S, Brenner BM. Effect of aging on the renal glomerulus. Am J Med. 1986;80:435–442
  7. Epstein M. Aging and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:1106–1122
  8. Lindeman RD, Tobin JD, Shock NW. Association between blood pressure and the rate of decline in the renal function with age. Kidney Int. 1984;26:861–868
  9. Lindeman RD, Tobin J, Shock NW. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:278–285
  10. Baylis C, Corman B. The aging kidney: Insights from experimental studies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:699–709
  11. Kasiske BL. Relationship between vascular disease and age-associated changes in the human kidney. Kidney Int. 1987;31:1153–1159
  12. Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, Solomon HJ, et al. Senescence in the renal vasculature in normal man. Circ Res. 1974;34:309–316
  13. Fliser D, Zeier M, Nowack R, et al. Renal functional reserve in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Soc Nephrol. 1993;3:1371–1377
  14. Alvarez Gregori JA, Macias Nuñez JF. Handling of water and electrolytes in the healthy old. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2009;19:1–12
  15. Sands JM. Urine-concentrating ability in the aging kidney. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2003;24:PE15
  16. Luckey AE, Parsa CJ. Fluid and electrolytes in the aged. Arch Surg. 2003;138:1055–1060
  17. Miller M. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the elderly: Physiological changes of ageing and clinical consequences. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;7:367–387
  18. Musso C, Liakopoulos V, De Miguel R, et al. Transtubular potassium concentration gradient: Comparison between healthy old people and chronic renal failure patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38:387–390
  19. Frassetto L, Sebastian A. Age and systemic acid-base equilibrium: Analysis of published data. J Gerontol. 1996;51:B91–B99
  20. Berkemeyer S, Vormann J, Günther AKB, et al. Renal net acid excretion capacity is comparable in prepubescence, adolescence and young adults but falls with aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1442–1448
  21. Hawkins RC. Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;377:169–172
  22. Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Zeller CM, et al. Total body water data for white adults 18 to 64 years of age: The FELS Longitudinal study. Kidney Int. 1999;56:244–252
  23. Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD. Total body water volumes for adult males and females from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:27–39
  24. Miller M. Hyponatremia and arginine vasopressin dysregulation: Mechanisms, clinical consequences, and management. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:345–353
  25. Fried LF, Palevsky PM. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Med Clin North Am. 1997;81:585–606
  26. Snyder A, Fiegal DW, Arieff A. Hypernatremia in elderly patients: A heterogeneous, morbid, and iatrogenic entity. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:309–319
  27. Anderson RJ, Chung HM, Kluge R, et al. Hyponatremia: A prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenetic role of vasopressin. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:164–168
  28. Tareen N, Martins D, Nagami G, et al. Sodium disorders in the elderly. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97:217–224
  29. Palevsky PM, Bhagrath R, Greenberg A. Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:197–203
  30. Clark BA, Shannon RP, Rosa RM, et al. Increased susceptibility to thiazide-induced hyponatremia in the elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;5:1106–1111
  31. Chassagne P, Druesne L, Capet C, et al. Clinical presentation of hypernatremia in elderly patients. A case control study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1225–1230
  32. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1581–1589
  33. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hypernatremia N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1493–1499
  34. Chintanadilok J, Kallas H, Lowenthal DT. Lung cancer and drug-induced severe hyponatremia. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1998;8:161–165
  35. Ranta A, Wooten GF. Hyponatremia due to an additive effect of carbamazepine and thiazide diuretics. Epilepsia. 2004;45:879
  36. Defronzo RA, Braine H, Colvin M, et al. Water intoxication in man after cyclophosphamide therapy time coarse and relation to drug therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1973;78:861–869
  37. Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:1618–1622
  38. Kim GH, Lee JW, Oh YK, et al. Antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is associated with upregulation of aquaporin-2, Na-Cl co-transporter, and epithelial sodium channel. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2836–2843
  39. Famularo G, Gasbarrone L, De Virgilio A, et al. Mirtazapine-associated hyponatremia in an elderly patient. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1144–1145
  40. Sarret D, Le Berre JP, Zemraoui N. Tramadol-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:1026
  41. Palmer BF, Gates JR, Lader M. Causes and management of hyponatremia. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:1694–1702
  42. Terzian C, Frye EB, Piotrowski ZH. Admission hyponatremia in the elderly: Factors influencing prognosis. J Gen Intern Med. 1994;9:89–91
  43. Sajadieh A, Binici ZB, Mouridsen Z, et al. Mild hyponatremia carries a poor prognosis in community subjects. Am J Med. 2009;12:679–686
  44. Dontas AS, Marketos SG, Papanayioutou P. Mechanism of renal tubular defects in old age. Postgrad Med J. 1972;48:295–303
  45. McAloon Dyke M, Davis M, Clark BA, et al. Effect of hypertonicity in water intake in elderly: An age-related failure. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1997;7:11–16
  46. Stachenfeld NS, Mack GW, Takamata MA, et al. Thirst and fluid regulatory responses to hypertonicity in older patients. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:R757–R765
  47. Crowe MJ, Forsling ML, Rolls BJ, et al. Altered water excretion in healthy elderly men. Age Aging. 1987;16:285–293
  48. Davies I, O'Neill PA, McLean KA, et al. Age-associated alterations in thirst and arginine vasopressin in response to water or sodium load. Age Aging. 1995;42:151–159
  49. Kirkland J, Lye M, Goddard C, et al. Plasma arginine vasopressin in dehydrated elderly patients. Clin Endocrinol. 1984;20:451–456
  50. Schmidt-Nielsen B, Barrett JM, Graves B, et al. Physiological and morphological responses of rat kidney to reduced dietary protein. Am J Physiol. 1985;248:F31–F42
  51. Combet S, Geffroy N, Berthonaud V, et al. Correction of age-related polyuria by dDVAP: Molecular analysis of aquaporin and urea transporters. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;284:F199–F208
  52. Kishore BK, Krane CM, Reif M. Molecular physiology of urinary concentration defect in elderly population. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;33:235–248
  53. Schrier RW. Water and sodium retention in edematous disorders: Role of vasopressin and aldosterone. Am J Med. 2006;119:S47–S53
  54. Ishikawa SE, Saito T, Fukagawa A, et al. Close association of urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 with appropriate and inappropriate arginine vasopressin-dependent antidiuresis in hyponatremia in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;86:1665–1671
  55. Brownstein MJ, Russell JT, Gainer H. Synthesis, transport and release of posterior pituitary hormones. Science. 1980;207:373–378
  56. Land H, Schutz G, Schmale H, et al. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA encoding bovine arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II precursor. Nature. 1982;295:299–303
  57. Dunn FL, Brennan TJ, Nelson AE, et al. The role of blood osmolality and volume in regulating vasopressin secretion in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1973;52:3212–3219
  58. Swaminathan S. Osmoreceptors or sodium receptors: Investigation into ADH release in rhesus monkey. J Physiol. 1980;307:71–83
  59. Rai A, Whaley-Connell A, McFarlane S, et al. Hyponatremia, arginine vasopressin dysregulation, and vasopressin receptor antagonism. Am J Nephrol. 2006;26:579–589
  60. Musso C, Vassilios L, Pangre N, et al. Renal physiology in elderly persons with severe immobility syndrome. Int Urol Nephrol. 2009;41:437–441
  61. Gottschalk CW, Mylle M. Evidence that mammalian nephron function as a countercurrent multiplier system. Science. 1958;128:594
  62. Agre P. The aquaporin water channels. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:5–13
  63. Ma T, Yang B, Gillespie A, et al. Severely impaired urinary concentrating ability in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-1 water channels. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:4296–4299
  64. Preston GM, Smith BL, Zeidel ML, et al. Mutations in aquaporin-1 in phenotypically normal humans without functional CHIP water channels. Science. 1994;265:1585–1587
  65. Knepper MA. The aquaporin family of molecular water channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:6255–66258
  66. Hayashi M, Sasaki S, Tsuganezawa H, et al. Expression and distribution of aquaporin of collecting duct are regulated by vasopressin V2 in rat kidney. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1778–1782
  67. Nielsen S, DiGiovanni SR, Christensen EI, et al. Cellular and subcellular immunolocalization of vasopressin-regulated water channel in rat kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:11663–11667
  68. Nielsen S, Chou CL, Marples D, et al. Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD waterchannels to plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:1013–1017
  69. Pedersen RS, Bentzen H, Bech JN, et al. Effect of water deprivation and hypertonic saline infusion on urinary AQP2 excretion in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;280:F860–F867
  70. Lu HJ, Matsuzaki T, Bouley R, et al. The phosphorylation state of serine 256 is dominant over that of serine 261 in the regulation of AQP2 trafficking in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol. 2008;295:F290–F294
  71. Bagnasco SM. Role and regulation of urea transporters. Pflüger Arch-Eur J Physiol. 2005;450:217–226
  72. Sands J. Renal urea transporters. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13:525–532
  73. Gottschalk CW, Lassiter WE, Mylle M, et al. Micropuncture study of composition of loop of Henle fluid in desert rodents. Am J Physiol. 1963;204:532–535
  74. Kim GH, Ecelbarger CA, Mitchell C, et al. Vasopressin increased Na-K-2Cl co-transporter expression in thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 1999;270:F96–F103
  75. Knepper MA, Kim GH, Fernandez-Llama P, et al. Regulation of thick ascending limb transport by vasopressin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:628–634
  76. Imai M, Kokko JF. Mechanism of sodium and chloride transportation the thin ascending limb of Henle. J Clin Invest. 1976;58:1054–1060
  77. Thunhorst RL, Johnson AK. Thirst and salt appetite responses in young and old Brown Norway rats. Am J Physiol. 2003;28:R317–R327
  78. Rowland NE, Morien A, Garcea M, et al. Aging and fluid homeostasis in rats. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:R1441–R1450
  79. Swenson KL, Sands JM, Jacobs JD, et al. Effect of aging on vasopressin and aquaporin responses to dehydration in Fischer 344-Brown-Norway F1 rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1997;273:R35–R40
  80. Combet S, Teillet L, Geelen G, et al. Food restriction prevents age-related polyuria by vasopressin-dependent recruitment of aquaporin-2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281:F1123–F1131
  81. Tian Y, Serino R, Verbalis JG. Down regulation of renal vasopressin receptor and aquaporin -2 expression parallels age-associated defects in urine concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;287:797–805
  82. Combet S, Gourand S, Gobin R, et al. Aquaporin-2 downregulation in the kidney medulla of aging rats is posttranscriptional and is abolished with water deprivation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;284:F1408–F1414
  83. Preisser L, Teillet L, Aliotti S, et al. Down regulation of aquaporin-2 and -3 in aging kidney is independent of V2 vasopressin receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;279:F144–F152
  84. Di Stefano A, Wittner M, Corman B. Vasopressin stimulation of NaCl transport in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop is decreased in aging mice. Pfügers Arch. 1991;419:327–331
  85. Tian Y, Riazi S, Khan O, et al. Renal ENaC subunit, Na-K-2Cl and Na-Cl cotransporter abundances in aged, water-restricted F344 x Brown Norway rats. Kidney Int. 2006;69:304–312
  86. Jung FF, Kennefick TM, Ingelfinger JR, et al. Down-regulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the aging rat. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5:1573–1580
  87. Corman B, Barrault MB, Klinger C, et al. Renin gene expression in the aging kidney: Effect of sodium restriction. Mech Ageing Dev. 1995;84:1–13
  88. Trenkwalder P, James GD, Laragh JH, et al. Plasma renin activity and plasma prorenein are not suppressed in hypertension screening to old age. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:621–627
  89. Weidmann P, De Myttenaere- Burszstein S, Maxwell MH, et al. Effect of aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man. Kidney Int. 1975;8:325–333
  90. Ling BN, Kemendy AE, Kokko KE, et al. Regulation of the amiloride-blockable sodium channel from epithelial tissue. Mol Cell Biochem. 1990;99:141–150
  91. Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Shore AC, et al. Raised circulating levels atrial natriuretic peptides in essential hypertension. Lancet. 1986;327:179–181
  92. Pollack JA, Skvorak JP, Nazian SJ, et al. Alterations in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion and renal effects in aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52:B196–B202
  93. Abuelo JG. Normotensive ischemic acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:797–805
  94. Epstein M, Hollenberg NK. Age as a determinant of renal sodium conservation in normal man. J Lab Clin Med. 1976;87:411–417
  95. Luft FC, Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, et al. Effect of age on renal sodium homeostasis and its release to sodium sensitivity. Am J Med. 1987;82:9–15
  96. Musso CG, Miguel R, Algranati L, et al. Renal potassium excretion: Comparison between chronic renal disease patients and old people. Int Urol Nephrol. 2005;37:167–170
  97. Rylander R, Remer T, Berkemyer S, et al. Acid-base status affects renal magnesium losses in healthy, elderly persons. J Nutr. 2006;136:2374–2377
  98. Agarwal BN, Cabebe FG. Renal acidification in elderly subjects. Nephron. 1980;26:291–295

PII: S1548-5595(10)00051-0

doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.03.008

Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
Volume 17, Issue 4 , Pages 308-319 , July 2010